Psycho, the greatest film of all time Free Essays

This essay will attempt to show you the brilliance that is Psycho and how Alfred Hitchcock managed to create a film which even today grabs and retains the interest of any audience. The music in the film Psycho was a brand new idea at its time in the 1960s and acted like magic on audiences, making them sit in horror at the edge of their seats. The music in Psycho is ‘non-diagetic’ and is performed by an all-strings orchestra. We will write a custom essay sample on Psycho, the greatest film of all time? or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the time when Psycho was released, using music that was played by an all-strings orchestra in horror movies was a brand new idea and startled film critics and the audience alike. This method of using high-pitched, sharp music was such an effective idea that many other horror films and television series adopted the thought and this style of music is still used to this day (for example, in Nightmare on Elm Street. Using an all-strings orchestra in Psycho was a fantastic way of building tension and it worked very effectively. The reason it worked so well was because the sound was so recognisable. This is because, as the music was played on and on-and-off basis, the audience gradually noticed that when the music played, something bad was probably about to happen. No other music could have been used in Psycho which would have created the same amount of tension in the movie and sounded so shrill and discordant. To a pre-1970s audience, the all-strings music was remarkably effective and the music by itself built tension. Nowadays, when a modern audience watches Psycho, they react in the same way as audiences over thirty years ago, even though they are used to music like this. The eerie sound of string instruments playing sharp scratchy notes, e. g. in the shower scene, still makes modern audiences sit on the edge of their seats and watch in suspense as the plot unfolds. The music in Alfred Hitchcock’s horror films was so important and effective that without it the films would not have succeeded. It is possible to see that when his films are watched on mute, the suspense disappears and the film becomes boring and not at all exciting. Even the brilliant use of lighting and shadows is not enough to keep the interest of any audience watching Psycho without the music. The plot of Psycho is ingenious and has to be one of the greatest stories of all time. Alfred Hitchcock used a brilliant technique in all his films for retaining the audience’s interest which he called â€Å"the McGuffin†i. Alfred Hitchcock used this technique in all his films to catch the viewer’s attention and drive the plot. In Psycho, the McGuffin was the $40,000 in cash stolen by Marion. In the first half of the film, the audience is led to believe that the movie is essentially about the stolen money, and this alone envelops the viewer’s attention because the plot is so tightly and perfectly constructed. By the end of the film though, few people remember that the money even existed, as the McGuffin is only really needed to move the audience into the Bates Hotel. The plot was designed very cleverly by Alfred Hitchcock. To grab his audience’s attention, he made the audience ask questions. He does this right from the very beginning of Psycho until the end of it. For example, in the first scene alone, when Sam and Marion are meeting secretly during their lunch break, the audience is made to think: can Sam pay off his father’s debts and his wife’s alimony? Will they get married? Will they get caught together? etc. , etc. Forcing the audience to ask questions mentally, traps their attention, as they want to know the answers. Another way that the plot does well to catch and retain an audience’s focus is the suspense which is built up so frequently. When suspense is built up, the audience always wants to know what will happen next. As the storyline twists and turns and the viewers get surprises, the audience becomes drawn into the film and becomes more involved. For instance, when the main character is suddenly killed halfway through the film in an unforgettable scene, the audience is left wondering: what will happen next? Who will be the new main character? All of these sudden changes in plot shock the viewer more and more and make the film more exciting and interesting. Another change in plot is when Sam, Lila, the sheriff and his wife meet after church in broad daylight. This break in the tension allows the viewer to relax and watch a different scene; one in daylight, which is not eerie and in shadow. This may appear to be an odd change in plot, but it helps keep all audiences focused. A very clever ingredient in Psycho, was Alfred Hitchcock’s excellent positioning of objects on the film set. Using his complicated knowledge of filming and positioning, he created scenes which convinced the eye of an alteration to the truth. He set objects up, for instance, in the eerie house, which looked so normal and blended in with the film perfectly. He placed typical old-woman-objects in Norman’s mother’s bedroom to make the audience convinced that there really was an old woman living in the house and that she was still there. He also placed objects such as a toy fire engine and a male dole in Norman Bate’s old room to make it suit its part. These little things are actually precisely positioned so that they suit the atmosphere and the audience sub-consciously notices them. All audiences, modern and old alike, notice these little differences and it is things like this which manage to retain the interest of an audience watching Psycho. Set pieces were not all small though. The large old Victorian style house atop a hill was specifically chosen for its image and its evil and dark appearance. The camera, throughout the whole film, always filmed this house from below, making it appear to tower over all else and cast a dark shadow over everything. The actors chosen for Psycho, despite in the case of most, being famous before its creation, were all picked after long deliberation by Alfred Hitchcock for their particular skillsi. Janet Leigh, for example, who played the part of Marion in Psycho, was chosen out of a list of seven possibilities. Most of the actors in Psycho were all very professional, popular and they all fitted perfectly; without them and their talent, the film could have easily turned out to be a failure (as Psycho’s remake was). As all of the actors were so capable and Alfred Hitchcock directed them all so well, their talents shone through in this movie and they all appeared so realistic and their body language in Psycho was flawless. This goes for their dialogue too. They may have all been able to say their scripts, but the timing and their expressions and tones were all planned out by Hitchcock perfectly. The camera angles and lighting in Psycho are arguably the cleverest and most effective ever used in a film. Alfred Hitchcock personally worked out every camera angle and every scene in Psycho. He used the camera to guide the story, build the tension and throw twists into the ending. The camera angles used are legendary. Using Alfred Hitchcock’s directing genius, one of the most famous scenes in cinematic history was created. In this one scene (the ‘Shower Scene’ as it is now commonly known), seventy camera angles were used, intermixed with quick cuts to emphasise the brutality of the act; yet the knife is never actually seen penetrating Marion’s body. Marion is filmed in the shower from so many different angles so that suspense is built up as the audience knows something bad must be about to happen. She looks vulnerable in the shower without any clothes and she is unsuspecting – her expression is one of concentration, on showering. All this put together, combined with Alfred Hitchcock’s directing, creates an extremely scary, exciting and memorable scene. Alfred Hitchcock was obviously very talented, and when it came to the camera’s positioning and lighting, he always managed to create brilliant pictures. Without using sound, Hitchcock could make people look nervous, vulnerable, strange, powerful, dangerous etc. by just using camera angles. For instance, to make the private investigator look vulnerable as he walked upstairs and reached the landing, the camera filmed him from above, looking down on him so that he looked alone and vulnerable. There was only one poorly created scene in the whole film. This was the stair scene, when Arbogast, the private investigator, falls down the stairs with a knife wound. To a 1960s audience, this scene seemed to be extremely realistic and well filmed. Unfortunately it is spoilt on a modern audience as nowadays everyone is so used to graphics and special effects that the stair scene appeared comical to us, as it wasn’t realistic. It was quite obvious that there was a film of stairs coming towards the audience being played behind the falling private investigator. The lighting in Psycho was used to great effect and was directed fantastically. Alfred Hitchcock managed to create different atmospheres in different scenes by his use of lighting and shadows. For instance, in the climax scene, when Norman Bates runs into the fruit cellar with a knife, the lighting is fantastic. When the camera turns to look at Norman’s mother’s wrinkled, mummified face, as the bulb swings creating strobe flashing, in the hollows of her eyes, shadows dance against the inside of her skull which creates an illusion of a mad, mirthful response to the scene before her. Today, Psycho is still looked upon as a brilliant and unique film, which even now manages to grab and retain the interest of any audience. No other film has ever managed to outclass Alfred Hitchcock’s masterpiece in complexity or in cleverness. The black and white photography used is perfect for the film’s tone and mood – colour would merely have blurred the nightmarish quality. Psycho is an exceptional film, which altered the course of cinematic history, and its brilliance will always be recognised. How to cite Psycho, the greatest film of all time?, Papers

Volunteer Paper Essay Example For Students

Volunteer Paper Essay For my Volunteer Paper Essay I wanted to volunteer at an animal hospital or shelter since I am majoring in Pre-Vet. Then I decided to do something different. I chose to student teach 1st graders at Mckinley Elementary. It is very surprising to me that I chose to do this. I always said that I hated kids and had no desire to ever work with them I even said I would never give birth to any kids because I hated them so much. The thing is that I actually enjoyed my experience very much. I chose this activity because I wanted to try something different that I thought I wouldnt like. The teacher that I did this volunteer work for was my 1st grade teacher at Mckinley Elementary when I went to school there back in 1986. The reason that I hate kids so much is because had a really bad experience with them. In the summer of last year I baby-sat these kids across the street from me that moved here from New York. They were the kids from hell. They were so annoying, and ungrateful. For instance they always asked me to buy them Taco Bell, and when I did, they would say, why did you buy me this?, or I want more, you better buy me more. I hated them. I was so stressed from them that I would cry at night. I really didnt want to baby-sit them anymore but I felt bad if I said no. So I thought I couldnt judge all kids on those three. I had to give others a chance, and didnt want to give up on having kids. I did many fun and exciting things while I was working with these kids at Mckinley. The first day Mrs. Aiken introduced me. She said, Boys and girls this is Taysha, and I was her teacher when she was your age. They were all in awe. They couldnt believe that I had her as a teacher. The first kid I helped was a black girl named Shontele. I helped her with her math work and reading. I taught her to group thins in Math when you are adding or subtracting. For example: Say you have ten subtract three. I told her to put ten into groups of five, then cross out three, and count how many there was left. She enjoyed that and thought it was now much easier to do her Math. I also learned the difference between what was right and wrong. The first day I went I had my eyebrow ring in and she didnt like it too much. She asked if it was OK with my mother. She said, Does your mother say you can have that? I told her no and she asked why I didnt listen to her. She then ! asked if I still live at home, and told her yes. She said that if I still lived at home, I had to respect her because it was her house and her right to tell me what to do. She said even if I was eighteen she still had the right to decide what I can do if I lived in her house. Well I listened and took the eyebrow ring out they next day. When it was time to leave they were all mad at me, they wanted me to stay longer, so I promised them I would come back the following week. The second day I went to the class I work with the class altogether. I work on some math problems on the computer, I had to help them work the problems out in their head and when they had the answer they got to type it in and it would tell you if it was right or wrong. .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .postImageUrl , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:hover , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:visited , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:active { border:0!important; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:active , .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711 .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6d4c200f03ed4e5eb615bf3a38bce711:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tennessee Williams And The Southern Belle Essay As it turned out they got all of them correct out of three levels After that activity I helped them write out and sound out words that started ended with (ck) like tack or pack. If they were right they were allowed to color. After I finished I then corrected papers. The majority of them got all of them right .

The Need for Ethical Leadership and Governance in Democracy

Relationship between citizens and the government is vital for any country’s political social and economic development. Some patriots have had an impact on the leadership of the United States since the declaration of its independence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Ethical Leadership and Governance in Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thomas Jefferson is among the patriots, who participated in initiating America’s liberation from its colonizers. Since then, the American democratic government has evolved strategically by allowing citizens to be part of decision-making. This means political leaders allow individuals to give their opinions on issues of governance. Even though America is a large entity with a population of more than 300 million people, the state keep in touch with people all year round. This is achieved by the help of political parties, media, interest groups, and campaigns. This paper is aimed at letting the reader understand the need for ethical leadership and governance as a measure of democracy. It will analyze contributions of Thomas Jefferson as a political leader towards the nation’s evolution on equality, liberty, opportunity, democracy, and rights. Eventually, the reader will appreciate the dedication and spirit instilled by society that helped America reach its current state. The relationship between the government and its citizens has strategically evolved since the declaration of independence in 1776 (Ambrose, 2002, para. 2). Native Americans had suffered enough, and needed change. British colonizers had taken advantage of the country’s vulnerability and dictated Americans for a long time. For example, all policies had to be approved by the British government before implementation in the regional land. American citizens needed a government ruled by the people. In this case, American patriots documented a list of comp lains and directed them to England. The list advocated for human property and liberty rights required by citizens. This meant Americans needed new leadership from the native inhabitants. Revolution against corrupt and greedy leaders helped America alter its governance strategies. Top government officials encouraged citizens to be part of a new leadership in the country. For example, the government wanted a mutual relationship with local inhabitants. This was achieved by working for the people as servants. Servants are dedicated people who offer services to meet the needs and wants of clients. Americans wanted leadership in which the top officials met individual needs rather than embezzle funds. The Declaration of Independence promised to punish corrupt and guilty leaders through a new justice system.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A way of building relationships with the people was to allow them participate in community development. For example, state officials of America obtained land that was forcefully taken from native individuals. This gave the government an opportunity to win the trust of citizens regarding ethical leadership. Participation in campaigns and allowance of the public to vote for leaders showed an improvement in governance of the United States. People have the right to choose leaders desired leaders, and vote out unethical ones. Voting converge people with similar interests, and sensitizes people on necessary amendments for a better economy. In the end, participation in societal development programs brought the state close to the people it served. Media played a crucial role in promoting the relationship between states and citizens. Journalist, editors and authors worked together to provide a sustainable development of the United States’ economy (Armitage 2012, p. 67). For example, newspaper companies printed information on social, polit ical, and economic development of the state. Published information on policies intended for implementation allowed citizens to provide personal opinions regarding the proposed issues. Response from the public usually determined the effectiveness of the policy, and the economic level of the state. Thomas Jefferson, played significant roles in ensuring ideas on liberty, opportunity, equality, rights and democracy were met effectively. The most vital role played by this leader was drafting the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson’s policies were derived from the need for equality, liberty, democracy, and rights. Americans had been oppressed for a long time, and people needed change. The fight against Britain was a deadly war. Anyone who went against British law was declared a traitor. Treason was a serious offense punishable by taking the traitor’s life and property (Armitage 2012, p. 95). Jefferson drafted the declaration with respect to complaints made by the United S tates community. Through the declaration, Americans became hopeful for a better future with reputable leaders. The declaration manifested true power that was to meet people’s demands. It advocated for a state that shifted power of the officials to the hands of the citizens. This meant all activities of the country had to be controlled by the people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Need for Ethical Leadership and Governance in Democracy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jefferson was motivated to fight for independence because of the challenges that the people faced. American citizens were subjected to unfair taxes, political instability, and inequitable distribution of land, among other injustices. British officials practiced divide and rule to disunite the Americans. This was heightened by taking land from one person and giving it to another. Rich Americans were favored while the poor remained in pove rty. Because of these injustices, Jefferson compiled thoughts and ideas in an article called â€Å"A Summary View of the Rights of British America.† This article was later published worldwide to make other nations aware of the conditions in America (Armitage 2012, p. 57). Jefferson’s ideas justified the need for a revolution. America’s Declaration of Independence became a foundation for other countries’ desire to struggle for independence. Looking back through history, works of political leaders such as Jefferson have been highly criticized. Jefferson’s personal deeds contradicted the founding ideas of liberty and equality. He discriminated his servants on a personal level. During the struggle for independence, Jefferson sensitized people on equality (Ambrose, 2002, para. 5). This leader believed that all people were equal and should be treated justly. Contrary to Jefferson’s thoughts, the leader promoted slavery, which was equated to discri mination. In most cases, poor people suffered under the hands of the rich. Land was distributed based on class and race. Afro Americans were denied wealth and had to work on the white Americans’ land to earn a living. The blacks were discriminated in some cities like New York. Job opportunities were available based on race rather than qualifications. From this analysis, it can be concluded that some prospects of declaration were not practiced in real life. When sensitizing people on equality, leaders should be role models in implementing policies. This helps the society respect the views of politicians and accept positive change. Solid relationships between the state and its citizens require dedication from both parties. America managed to achieve independence through devoted leaders. The changes implemented enhanced people’s opinion on liberty, equality, democracy, and rights. Throughout history, founding fathers of American liberation proposed equal treatment of citi zens. It is advisable to evaluate the strengths and shortcomings of leaders who fought for independence. Reference List Ambrose, S. E. (2002). Founding fathers and slaveholders. Retrieved from https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/founding-fathers-and-slaveholders-72262393/Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Armitage, D. (2012). The declaration of independence:  A global history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. This essay on The Need for Ethical Leadership and Governance in Democracy was written and submitted by user Power Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

An Unavoidable War essays

An Unavoidable War essays America, with excellent economical bases and a strong government, is a place where golden opportunities are flowing everywhere in the air, and a country where everyone dreams to live. But the most important of all, America has offered a different life style, the life style where other countries do not provide. Not only that America has the freedom given to all persons, but also it is the only land that marks all men are created equal, an eminent phrase from the famous Declaration of Independence that our third US President Thomas Jefferson had written two-hundred-twenty-three years ago, which guarantees the equality and unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness for all humans. Since the freedom and the equality, that avail in America, are what most humans have been searched for, therefore these advantages are also the reasons why so many people have desired to live on this land called America. Nowadays, love of liberty is the predominant feeling of many people. It is of paramount importance that humans should fight for their liberty because all men are created equal, therefore all humans deserve freedom, liberty, and equality. That was what our forefathers did, they fought for their liberty and freedom against the Red Coat British soldiers. This was one of the most glorious and important wars in American history, the Revolutionary War. The American colonies declared their independence from Britain; and the very first time of working together, trying to achieve the same goal, the thirteen colonies, with France on their side aiding during the war, defeated British and received their freedom and liberty. The American Revolution is the central event in American history, it marks also the beginning of the distinctively modern period in world history. Many historians declared that the Revolutionary War was an unavoidable war because there we...

Military Personnel and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Military Personnel and its Benefits - Essay Example Sadly, the mundane world is governed by economic and strategic constraints. Still, in a starkly pragmatic context, the reality is that in the contemporary scenario, not only the military personnel are getting less than sufficient benefits, but such curtailing and liquidation of benefits could have dire consequences for the national security and the overall morale of the military. Lately, the Congress and the Federal administration has been vociferously evincing the desire to not only downsize the military but also to cut on the benefits to military personnel and the veterans, going by the current economic meltdown and the recessionary trends (Scarborough A01). The direct conclusion that could be drawn from such intentions is that not only the nation does not have enough money to pay the salary to military personnel, but the military personnel could also expect a further cut in the benefits being extended to them. One thing that needs to be kept on the mind is that the proposed cuts are not in consonance with the nation’s strategic requirements, but rather are the results of the hypothetical financial calculations being resorted to being the Congress (Bennett 1). Hence, any shrinking in the number of armed personnel or the benefits they deserve could have dire consequences for the strategic interests of the United States of America. The army serves the Congress. These curtailing of the military benefits will send a direct message to the military ranks that the Congress does no more afford to pay them. Even a cursory perusal of the fundamentals of HR will amply testify to the fact that such a message is bound to negatively impact the morale of the army (Maze 1). How would a soldier dare to sacrifice one’s life in the line of duty, while his conscience is bothered by the worry as to whether he will be able to provide for his family and loved ones (Maze 1)? One other important thing is that the special perks and benefits accorded to the military personnel  serve a pivotal function.  

Does teaching yoga to older adults improve their overall health Research Paper

Does teaching yoga to older adults improve their overall health - Research Paper Example 2. Conducting a survey or an actual experiment to ascertain the effect of yoga on the overall health of adults would limit the researcher’s conclusions to the population in a particular area where he or she had conducted the experiment or survey. If the researcher wishes to make a representative conclusion for the older adult population across different states, he or she can do so with a systematic review. 3. (Related to number 2) Budgetary, logistics and time constraints to making a nationwide or interstate study will be eliminated because the data is already collected for the researcher. The researcher won’t have to travel that long and won’t need to shell out money for the expenses of printing our hundreds of survey forms. This is ideal for college students especially those that still have subjects because they won’t have to take time off of their classes to accomplish the research. The constraint lies on the organization and the selection of articles i ncluded in the review because this entails hours and hours of arduous library and computer research wherein most of the articles the researcher will read will not make it to the final list of articles that will be included in the systematic review. Sampling: Choosing the articles will require the library data base of the university as well as its access to different printed and online journals. Articles included in the study should be products of first hand, qualitative or quantitative research which are peer reviewed and came from reputable journals. No review articles will be included. Only articles published within the span of 3 years including the present year will be incorporated so as to keep the information pool up-to-date. The ages of the participants in the articles should be not less than 45 years, so as to comply with the â€Å"older adult† category in the research question. Articles should be focused on the effects of yoga on different facets of health (emotional, mental, environmental, social, spiritual, and physical) – these effects must include both positive and negative reaction to yoga. Among the articles that have passed these criteria, a final list of 30 articles will be included in the actual systematic review paper. This will require the researcher to be patient, diligent and exhaustive in doing the selection and making the final cut of articles included in the final paper. Key Variables: Two types of data are expected to be gathered and examined for this review – qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data like satisfaction in the effect of Yoga, perceived improvement in the quality of life, and testimonies of yoga practitioners will be collated and summarized then presented as text in the final paper. The qualitative data can also be nominalized and presented in a graph with the frequency of people that was a significant improvement in their wellbeing with yoga. Quantitative data will also be summarized and a ppropriate graphs will be presented for each health facet. The if data gathered did not use the p-test to statistically validate their hypothesis then a re-analysis of the data and normalization of the data set will be done as to make it analyzable by test statistics that can be

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy Essay

Possibility Of Travelling Through Wormholes In Space Time Philosophy Essay Wormhole is a tunnel connecting two different points in space time. It is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (1935). The objective of this study is to investigate is it possible to travel through the wormholes. 1 Introduction Wormhole(named by John Wheeler,physicist,1955) is the hypothetical tunnel connecting two different points in spacetime in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much less time. The spacetime tunnel is also known as Einstein-Rosen bridge (Einstein and Nathan Rosen,1935) Wormholes can be found in earth, but is a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across Hawking(2010), so it cannot be seen by humans naked eye. Travelling through wormhole or time machine can make human life to be more simple and interesting. The purpose of this study is to investigate the method that lead to building a time machine and travelling wormholes. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition Wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which connects two different points in such a way that a trip through the wormhole could take much less time than a journey between the same starting and ending points in normal space in space time. Wormholes can allow matter, energy, and information to travel to a distant point without passing through the space between the two points effectively circumventing the light speed barrier that prevents it travels faster than light through normal space. Wormholes are actually the natural part of the fabric of space-time or the quantum foam. These natural wormholes are very small and short lived which the light cannot even pass through them. They are a popular feature of science fiction as they allow interstellar travel within human timescales. 2.2 History The mathematician Riemann (1845), who is the first formulated higher-dimensional geometry and also the one who first discusses wormholes. Riemann cuts (Riemanns Wormholes) are connections between spaces (multiply connected spaces) with zero length. Then, Einstein and his collaborator Rosen (Einstein-Rosen bridges ,1935) describe the relativistic of black holes requires wormholes at their center which seem to connect the center of a black hole with a mirror universe on the other side of space time. However, due to the center of a black hole singularity, wormhole could not be traversed as the point of infinite space time curvature where the gravity would also be infinite and all matter would be crushed to its most fundamental constituents. In additional, to travel through the wormhole would require motion faster than the speed of light which is a physical impossibility. 2.3 How is wormholes form Wormholes are considered possible based on (Einsteins theory of relativity, 1916), who states that, any mass curves space time. To understand this curvature, think about two people holding a bed sheet up and stretching that sheet tightly. If one person is to place a baseball on the bed sheet, the weight of the baseball would roll to the middle of the sheet and causes the sheet to curve at that point similar if a marble were placed on the edge of the same bed sheet, it would travel toward the baseball because of the curve. In this example, space is depicted as a two-dimensional plane rather than the four dimensions which actually make up space time. Imagine that is the sheet is folded over and leaving a space between the top and bottom. If place the baseball on the top side will form a curvature. If an equal mass is placed on the bottom part of the sheet at a point that corresponds with the location of the baseball on the top, the second mass would eventually meet with the baseball. This is similar to how wormholes might form. In space, masses that place pressure on different parts of the universe could eventually come together to form a tunnel which is a wormhole. We could travel from Earth to another galaxy and return back relatively quickly within a lifetime. 3 Finding and Discussion 3.1 Wormholes exist in our earth According to Stephen Hawking( physicist and cosmologist), everyone knows that all physical object has three dimensions, they are length, width and height. But, there is another type of length that is length in time. Everything has length in time including space. Travelling in time means travelling through this fourth dimension. By imagine of doing a car travel, drove in a straight line and travelling in one dimension, then turn right or left and this is already adding the second dimension. After that, by driving up or down is actually adding the third dimension, height. So, this is the three dimensions. The fourth dimension is by travelling in time. There is a concept of making the time machine to travel through the fourth dimension. Nothing is flat or solid. If by looking closely at anything, holes and wrinkles can be found. It is a very basic principle even applies to time. Even something as smooth as a pool ball has tiny crevices, wrinkles, and voids. Same as the fourth dimension, there are tiny crevices, wrinkles and voids in time. Down at the smallest of scales, smaller even than molecules or atoms, this is so called quantum foam. This is where wormholes exist. Tiny tunnels through space and time constantly form, disappear, and reform within this quantum world. They actually link two separate places and two different times. These real-life time tunnels are just a billion-trillion-trillionths of a centimeter across. It is too small for human to pass through. Some scientists think that is possible to capture the wormholes and enlarge it by using enough power and advanced technology. Wormholes will happened just like sound system but only radiation instead of sound. Sound enters the microphone. Its transmitted along the wires, made louder by the amplifier, and comes out at the speakers. 3.2 The leading of making time machine According to Albert Einstein, He realized that there should be places where time slows down, and others where time speeds up. The proof is in the space. One of the example is GPS, Global Positioning System. The heavier the object, the more it drags on time. A super-massive black hole is a time machine. It is a heaviest object in the galaxy. It wont destroy itself in a flash of feedback. But its pretty dangerous. Its a long way away and it doesnt even take us very far into the future. Fortunately there is another way to travel in time. And this represents our last and best hope of building a real time machine. Hawking (2010) said that theres a cosmic limit of speed that is speed of light. But travelling by a speed near to the speed of light will brings you to the future. For example, the science-fiction transportation system. Imagine a track which goes right round the earth, a track for superfast train. Use this imaginary train to get as close as possible to the speed of light and see how it becomes a time machine. On board are passengers with a one-way ticket to the future. The train begins to accelerate, faster and faster. Soon, its circling the Earth over and over again. To reach the speed of light and cycling around the earth consider very fast and is 7 times per second. However, no matter how much power the train has, it can never quite reach the speed of light, since the laws of physics forbid it. Instead, lets say the speed gets close, Time starts flowing slowly on board relative to the rest of the world, just like near the black hole. Everything on the train is in slow motion. Imag ine that the train left the station on January 1, 2050. It circles Earth over and over again for 100 years before finally coming to a halt on New Years Day, 2150. The passengers will have only lived one week because time is slowed down that much inside the train. When they got out theyd find a very diffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœerent world from the one theyd left. In one week theyd have travelled 100 years into the future. Of course, building a train that could reach such a speed is quite impossible. But we have built something very like the train at the worlds largest particle accelerator at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Deep underground, in a circular tunnel 16 miles long, is a stream of trillions of tiny particles. When the power is turned on, they accelerate from zero to 60,000mph in a fraction of a second. Increase the power and the particles go faster and faster, until theyre whizzing around the tunnel 11,000 times a second, which is almost the speed of light. But just like the train, they never quite reach that ultimate speed. They can only get to 99.99 per cent of the limit. When that happens, they are starting to travel in time. This because of some extremely short-lived particles, called pi-mesons. Ordinarily, they disintegrate after just 25 billionths of a second. But when they are accelerated near to light speed they last 30 times longer. 3.3 Warp drive engine Two physicists (Cleaver,G.B and Obousy,R ) from Baylor University (Waco, Texas) have outlined an engine on how to travel faster than light which is also called warp drive could be created that would bend but not break the laws of physics. The warp engine is based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), known as Alcubierre drive which involves the fabric expansion of space behind a ship into a bubble and shrinking space-time in front of the ship. The ship would rest in between the expanding and shrinking space-time, essentially surfing down the side of the bubble. In addition, the tricky part is that the space itself would move underneath the stationary spacecraft but the ship would not actually move. The beam of light that far from the ship would left behind but the beam of light next to the ship would zoom away. This means that the ship would arrive at its destination faster than a beam of light by traveling the same distance. However, without violating Einsteins relativity (Einstein,A.1916) which says that it would take an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object with mass to the speed of light, since the ship itself actually is not moving. 3.4 11th dimension Moreover, Cleaver and Obousy who are the other coauthor have manipulate the 11th dimension which is a special theoretical construct of m-theory (the offspring of string theory) to create the bubble and the ship would surf down. The bubble of dark energy could be created if the 11th dimension could be shrunk behind the ship. Hence, the same dark energy would cause the universe to speed up as time goes on. Thus, by expanding the 11th dimension in front of the ship would eventually cause it to decrease although two separate steps are required. At the end, how is the 11th dimension would be expanded and shrunk is still unknown. All the scientists still work hard for this. If there are extra dimensions and we could manipulate them, that would open up all sorts of exciting possibilities(Tufts University theoretical physicist Lawrence Ford). 3.5 Overcoming a wormholes instability with negative energy The main problem by using wormholes to travel in space or time is that they are inherently unstable. It would create fluctuations that cause the structure to collapse in upon itself when a particle enters a wormhole. There are theories (Thorne,1994) describe that a wormhole could be held open by some form of negative energy which represents a case where the energy density in space is actually negative. Therefore, sufficient quantity of negative energy might continue to hold the wormhole open while objects pass through it. This would be an absolute necessity to allow a wormhole to become a time portal. However, scientists lack a real understanding on how to get enough negative energy together, and most scientists think it is an impossible task. 3.6 Relativity of dark energy and negative energy In some models which are highly contrived, it may be possible to relate dark energy and negative energy because both of it exhibit a form of repulsive gravity even though dark energy is a positive energy. However, the good news is that our universe appears to have dark energy in abundance, but it is looks like the dark energy is distributed throughout the universe. There is no guarantee that stable wormholes can occur although String theory (Veneziano,1970) can provide potential sources of negative energy. Therefore, to find any way to store negative energy and use it to sustain a wormholes stability is far beyond current technology or maybe it is an impossible task. 4 Conclusion Wormhole is a hypothetical tunnel which allows everything to pass through without passing through the space between starting point and ending point. The wormholes may formed by allowing human to travel from Earth to another galaxy and return back relatively quickly within a lifetime. To travel through the wormhole, it must be travel faster than light. A Warp Drive Engine is outlined and based on a design by Alcubierre (1994), on how to travel faster than light. To overcome wormholes instability, it required negative energy but there is no guarantee that a stable wormholes can be occur even though String theory can provide potential sources of negative energy. According to Hawking (2010), wormhole is exists in the earth and it is possible to travel through . Number of words:2150 words