The Political 1960’s and Postmodern Italian Design: Ettore Sottsass

The Political 1960’s and Postmodern Italian Design: Ettore SottsassIntroductionItalian design evolved between 1950s and 1960s.at the terminal of the sixtiess, the designs that were in the market burned out and were replaced by null formalisation of design which majored on commercial solutions.in this text, account on the designed objects is paramount, the fiction of the designed parts harmonizing to the methodological analysis of the designs. There is a singular design presentation in this book by Penny Sparke. The ant design flow and motion came in to put in 1965 to around 1979.this motion was all about dramatic colourss and the appropriate usage of scaling techniques where a little object is scaled to acquire a bigger representation of the same. This map of grading of objects was meant to acquire a different perceptual experience of objects by the interior decorator and besides anybody willing to familiarise with the design work. ( Roldan & A ; Leone, 2013 )Italian anti desi gn motionItalian interior decorators were at those times perfectionists in the designs they came up with. Normally for a merchandise to be developed from abrasion, the interior decorators has to come up with a theoretical account from a two dimensional diagram of the parts with the needed dimensional truth. Therefore the interior decorator deserves acknowledgment when the merchandise is already manufactured. ( Sparke, 1986 ) . But in the Italy the taking makers were celebrated alternatively and paid a batch of money. The interior decorators were non recognized and that’s why the anti-design came up in the state. The interior decorators were treated in a manner to propose that they lacked societal relevancy. Ettore Sottsass became the spokesman of this Anti design motion every bit shortly as it officially stated in 1966.the ant design motion advocated for the design of theoretical accounts that are alone alternatively of recommending for manners that are normally known in orde r to encompass mass production. Mass production and standard design were most common and hence nil new was being witnessed in the design industry. Ettore Sottsass is therefore a cardinal individual in the history of the Italian design as he challenged the production systems to withdraw from greed and trade with the acceptable echt design alternatively of taking to hike gross revenues with a hapless design.in the long tally complains would ever come from the clients and consumers of merchandises manufactured from such foolhardy design. The anti-design Rebels felt that each constituent of a design should be impermanent so that incase of any fault replacing can be done but with the anti-design advocators, a constituent should non hold to be replaced every now and so, a lasting solution to patronize wear and rupture should be at that place. A portion of a design should hold a lifetime that is suited in relation to the map that the constituent will function. The construct of the anti-design motion aimed to halt the buying of constituents and objects which can be made in Italy. The choosing of stuffs was to be done so that the lastin gness of the object is enhanced. ( Peri Bader, 2015 ) . A good illustration is the modern pallet which was one time black, gray and white. Before this anti design, the colourss were chosen harmonizing to the assortment available, the stuffs that are available and the cosmetic ability of the elements. The ant design Rebels lacked good constructs on design doctrine and would largely plan without an aim. The future user’s outlook of a design is one factors to see in all the designs and therefore the Italian anti-designers made everyone to recognize that information on safety demands, the legislative demands and the criterions was of import. ( Sparke, 2008 ) .Postmodern Italian Part designingDesign work ever starts from conceptualisation of a new thought of a portion that one seeks to plan. The Italian design as portrayed in this book introduces portion planing in 1967 where parts of a series of prototype designs were employed to schemes Italian counter designs movement.an illust ration was the 14th Milan Triennale in 1968. ( Medjdoub & A ; Chenini, 2015 ) . To day of the month, the Italian design focuses on truth and preciseness in portion designing. For a portion to be able to copulate with another portion, there has to be a good dimensional truth on the drawing of that portion. The Italian design of parts starts with a 2D drawing where the dimensions of the portion are put in that drawing. Italy exports parts of assorted assembly that can be used in fabricating different merchandises. For illustration a machinery can acquire its constituents imported from Italy because in modern fabrication processes some assemblies have small entree to save parts from the state in which they serve the clients. ( Golan, 2012 ) . Italian designs of fabric merchandises have been a phenomenon since the late 1970s.textile industry is Italy’s pride particularly sing that they own the design and besides the fabrication houses. For a better design to be achieved several parametric quantities have to be considered merely as it is seen in the Italian design. Quality is ever indispensable in a design. The consideration is high quality on the concluding merchandise such that it will make better in the market. Just like its presents in the Italian design of apparels and other fabric merchandises, Italian put supports on the fabric design so that they increase the lifetime of the concluding fabric manufactured. This is fundamentally what makes Italian designs better from the old yearss. For an applied scientist or an designer to be good in his/her undertaking, more clip should be taken on the design to guarantee that no mistakes are made because in the long tally, the concluding merchandise is affected. ( Person & A ; Snelders, 2010 ) . Design ever start with the acknowledgment of the societal demands that are available. After this the designer can interpret these demands into thoughts that are acceptable and eventually proving the thoughts against the physical Torahs of the nature to see whether scientific discipline accepts it. ( Mastrangelo & A ; Marangi, 2015 ) .Decision.The Italian design history is a major part to the design patterns that are even embraced in modern architectural plants. The most historical portion of it being the ant design motion which led to the betterment of designs runing from furniture designs to textile designing of merchandises. A interior decorator can ever hold his/her design executable bargain foremost of all building the paradigm of the same and proving done. ( Novi & A ; Piccardo, 2015 ) . The Italian design to day of the month is focused on the singularity of what comes out of the designed object. A design does non hold to be complicated in order to be to ugh in the market but a simple and alone design can ensue in the industry of an assembly that can truly work out societal issues in the society. For illustration the furniture designs by Italians in the seventiess are still at that place to day of the month and this is because the design suite the demands of the people in the society. Designing is all about modifying, rearranging and the most of import bettering the public presentation of the merchandise is at all the interior decorator is non introducing a new merchandise. ( Drury, 2009 ) .MentionsDrury, S. ( 2009 ) . European Design Since 1985 determining the new century by Rcraig Miller, Penny Sparke, Catherine Mcdermott.Art Book,16( 4 ) , 66-68. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8357.2009.01064_1.x Sparke, P. ( 2008 ) . Mobility history from a design historiographer ‘s position: The T2M conference, 2007.Journal Of Transport History,29( 1 ) , 131-135. Person, O. , & A ; Snelders, D. ( 2010 ) . Brand Styles in Commercial Design.Design Issues,26( 1 ) , 82-94. Novi, F. , & A ; Piccardo, C. ( 2015 ) . Technology as a key for design imaginativeness, an Italian experience with novice architecture pupils.Architectural Engineering & A ; Design Management,11( 3 ) , 185-197. doi:10.1080/17452007.2014.895698 Mastrangelo, G. , Marangi, G. , Bontadi, D. , Fadda, E. , Cegolon, L. , Bortolotto, M. , & A ; †¦ Marchiori, L. ( 2015 ) . A worksite intercession to cut down the cardiovascular hazard: proposal of a survey design easy to incorporate within Italian organisation of occupational wellness surveillance.BMC Public Health,15( 1 ) , 484-497. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1375-4 Sparke, P. ( 1986 ) .An debut to plan and civilization in the 20th century. London: Allen & A ; Unwin. Golan, R. ( 2012 ) . Flashbacks and Eclipses in Italian Art in the sixtiess.Grey Room, ( 49 ) , 102-127. Medjdoub, B. , & A ; Chenini, M. B. ( 2015 ) . A constraint-based parametric theoretical account to back up edifice services design geographic expedition.Architectural Engineering & A ; Design Management,11( 2 ) , 123-136. doi:10.1080/17452007.2013.834812 Peri Bader, A. ( 2015 ) . A theoretical account for mundane experience of the built environment: the corporal perceptual experience of architecture.Journal Of Architecture,20( 2 ) , 244-267. doi:10.1080/13602365.2015.1026835 Roldan, M. L. , Gonnet, S. , & A ; Leone, H. ( 2013 ) . Knowledge representation of the package architecture design procedure based on state of affairs concretion.Adept Systems,30( 1 ) , 34-53. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0394.2012.00620.x Kawaguchi, H. , & A ; Matsuoka, S. ( 2015 ) . Conceptual Design of 3-D FDTD Dedicated Computer With Dataflow Architecture for High Performance Microwave Simulation.IEEE Transactions On Magnetisms,51( 3 ) , 1-4. doi:10.1109/TMAG.2014.2355251

Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love

Response to â€Å"Variations on the Word Love Margaret Atwood explores the word Love in her poem, â€Å"Variations on the Word Love.† She question people’s use of the word love and its various meanings. I really enjoyed Atwood’s poem because made me think and ask questions. I often use the word love, yet I don’t always mean the same thing when I use it. I had never really thought about this until I read her poem. Atwood first speaks about the overuse of the word. She introduces the poem by saying how we use the word love as a filler. When we can’t think of anything to say, we often fill in space with the word love. The first line begins with â€Å"This is a word we use to plug/holes with. It’s the right size for those war/blanks in speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3). People often use the word love when they don’t know what else to say. Atwood also speaks about how the word love is often used as an advertisement. The word love is very marketable. We have two holidays to celebrate it, Valentine’s Day and Sweetest Day. We also us love on billboards to sell things completely unrelated. Atwood points out how we have entire magazines that only speak about love. I believe our overuse of the word love takes away from its true meaning. We market it and say we love so many things. This devalues the word love and its meaning. The second stanza, Atwood begins by talking about what I consider the true meaning of the word love, Then there’s the two Of us. This word Is far too short for us, it has only Four letter, too sparce To fill those deep bare Vacumes between the stars (lines 21-25). I agree with Atwood. Love is not enough to explain what two people can fall into. The word love is so overused its meaning depreciates. It is so commonly heard that it is not taken seriously. I think that in some ways the word love doesn’t explain â€Å"love between two people† or give it justice. However, I... Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love Free Essays on Variations On The Word Love Response to â€Å"Variations on the Word Love Margaret Atwood explores the word Love in her poem, â€Å"Variations on the Word Love.† She question people’s use of the word love and its various meanings. I really enjoyed Atwood’s poem because made me think and ask questions. I often use the word love, yet I don’t always mean the same thing when I use it. I had never really thought about this until I read her poem. Atwood first speaks about the overuse of the word. She introduces the poem by saying how we use the word love as a filler. When we can’t think of anything to say, we often fill in space with the word love. The first line begins with â€Å"This is a word we use to plug/holes with. It’s the right size for those war/blanks in speech†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (line 1-3). People often use the word love when they don’t know what else to say. Atwood also speaks about how the word love is often used as an advertisement. The word love is very marketable. We have two holidays to celebrate it, Valentine’s Day and Sweetest Day. We also us love on billboards to sell things completely unrelated. Atwood points out how we have entire magazines that only speak about love. I believe our overuse of the word love takes away from its true meaning. We market it and say we love so many things. This devalues the word love and its meaning. The second stanza, Atwood begins by talking about what I consider the true meaning of the word love, Then there’s the two Of us. This word Is far too short for us, it has only Four letter, too sparce To fill those deep bare Vacumes between the stars (lines 21-25). I agree with Atwood. Love is not enough to explain what two people can fall into. The word love is so overused its meaning depreciates. It is so commonly heard that it is not taken seriously. I think that in some ways the word love doesn’t explain â€Å"love between two people† or give it justice. However, I...

Biography of Garrett Morgan, Inventor of the Gas Mask

Biography of Garrett Morgan, Inventor of the Gas Mask Garrett Morgan (March 4, 1877–July 27, 1963) was an inventor and businessman from Cleveland who is best known for inventing a device called the Morgan Safety Hood and Smoke Protector in 1914. The invention was later dubbed the gas mask. Fast Facts: Garrett Morgan Known For: Invention of safety hood (early gas mask) and mechanical traffic signalBorn: March 4, 1877 in Claysville,  KentuckyParents: Sydney Morgan, Elizabeth ReedDied: July 27, 1963 in Cleveland,  OhioEducation: Up to sixth gradePublished Works:  The  Cleveland Call, a weekly African American newspaper that he established in 1916, which became the  still-published Cleveland Call and Post in 1929Awards and Honors:  Recognized at the Emancipation Centennial Celebration in  Chicago, Illinois, in August 1963; schools and streets named in his honor; included in the 2002 book,  100 Greatest African Americans  by  Molefi Kete Asante; honorary member of  Alpha Phi Alpha  fraternitySpouse(s): Madge Nelson, Mary HasekChildren: John P. Morgan, Garrett A. Morgan, Jr., and Cosmo H. MorganNotable Quote: â€Å"If you can be the best, then why not try to be the best?†Ã‚   Early Life The son of former slaves, Garrett Augustus Morgan was born in Claysville, Kentucky, on March 4, 1877. His mother was half-Native American and half-white (her father was a white minister named  Rev.  Garrett  Reed), and his father was half-white, the son of the Confederate Colonel John Hunt Morgan, who led Morgans Raiders in the Civil War. Garrett was the seventh of 11 children, and his early childhood was spent attending school and working on the family farm with his brothers and sisters. While still a teenager, he left Kentucky and moved north to Cincinnati, Ohio, in search of opportunities. Although Morgans formal education never took him beyond elementary school, he worked to give himself an education, hiring a tutor while living in Cincinnati and continuing his studies in English grammar. In 1895, Morgan moved to Cleveland, Ohio, where he went to work as a sewing machine repairman for a clothing manufacturer, teaching himself as much as he could about sewing machinery and experimenting with the process. Word of his experiments and his proficiency for fixing things traveled fast and he worked for numerous manufacturing firms in the Cleveland area. In 1907, the inventor opened his sewing equipment and repair shop. It was the first of several businesses he would establish. In 1909, he expanded the enterprise to include a tailoring shop that employed 32 people. The new company turned out coats, suits, and dresses, all sewn with equipment that Morgan himself had made. Marriage and Family Morgan married twice, first to Madge Nelson in 1896; they were divorced in 1898. In 1908 he married Mary Anna Hasek, a seamstress from Bohemia: it was one of the earliest interracial marriages in Cleveland. They had three children, John P., Garrett A., Jr., and Cosmo H. Morgan. The Safety Hood (Early Gas Mask) In 1914, Morgan was awarded two patents for the invention of an early gas mask, the Safety Hood and Smoke Protector. He manufactured the mask and sold it nationally and internationally through the National Safety Device Company, or Nadsco, using a marketing strategy to avoid Jim Crow discrimination- what historian Lisa Cook calls anonymity by dissociation. At the time, entrepreneurs sold their inventions by conducting live demonstrations. Morgan appeared in these events to the general public, with municipal fire departments and city officials representing himself as his own assistant- a Native American man called Big Chief Mason. In the south, Morgan hired whites, sometimes public safety professionals, to stage demonstrations for him. His newspaper advertisements featured smartly dressed white male models. The gas mask proved very popular: New York City quickly adopted the mask, and eventually 500 cities followed suit. In 1916, a refined model of Morgans gas mask was awarded a gold medal at the International Exposition of Sanitation and Safety and another gold medal from the International Association of Fire Chiefs. The Lake Erie Crib Disaster On July 25, 1916, Morgan made national news for using his gas mask to rescue men trapped during an explosion in an underground tunnel located 250 feet beneath Lake Erie. No one had been able to reach the men, 11 of them had died as had 10 others attempting to rescue them. Called in the middle of the night six hours after the incident, Morgan and a team of volunteers donned the new gas masks and brought two workers out alive and recovered the bodies of 17 others. He personally gave artificial respiration to one of the men he rescued. Afterward, Morgans company received many additional requests from fire departments around the country that wished to purchase the new masks. However, the national news contained photographs of him, and officials in a number of southern cities canceled their existing orders when they discovered he was black. In 1917, the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission reviewed the reports of heroism displayed during the disaster. Based on news reports that downplayed Morgans role, the Carnegie board decided to give the prestigious Hero award to a minor figure in the rescue effort who was white, rather than to Morgan. Morgan protested, but the Carnegie Institution said he hadnt risked as much as the other person had because he had safety equipment. Some reports say the Morgan gas mask was modified and used in World War I after the Germans unleashed chemical warfare at Ypres on April 22, 1915, although theres no strong evidence for it. Despite Morgans popularity in the United States, there were dozens of other masks on the market by then, and most used in WWI were of English or French manufacture. The Morgan Traffic Signal In 1920, Morgan moved into the newspaper business when he established the Cleveland Call. As the years went on, he became a prosperous and widely respected businessman and was able to purchase a home and an automobile, invented by Henry Ford in 1903. In fact, Morgan was the first African-American to purchase an automobile in Cleveland, and it was Morgans experience while driving along the streets of that city that inspired him to invent an improvement to traffic signals. After witnessing a collision between an automobile and a horse-drawn carriage, Morgan took his turn at inventing a traffic signal. While other inventors had experimented with, marketed, and even patented traffic signals, Morgan was one of the first to apply for and acquire a U.S. patent for an inexpensive way to produce a traffic signal. The patent was granted on November 20, 1923. Morgan also had his invention patented in Great Britain and Canada. Morgan stated in his patent for the traffic signal: This invention relates to traffic signals, and particularly to those which are adapted to be positioned adjacent the intersection of two or more streets and are manually operable for directing the flow of traffic...In addition, my invention contemplates the provision of a signal which may be readily and cheaply manufactured. The Morgan traffic signal was a T-shaped pole unit that featured three positions: Stop, Go and an all-directional stop position. This third position halted traffic in all directions to allow pedestrians to cross streets more safely. Morgans hand-cranked semaphore traffic management device was in use throughout North America until all manual traffic signals were replaced by the automatic red, yellow  and green-light traffic signals currently used around the world. The inventor sold the rights to his traffic signal to the General Electric Corporation for $40,000. Other Inventions Throughout his life, Morgan was always experimenting to develop new concepts. Though the traffic signal came at the height of his career and became one of his most famous inventions, it was just one of several innovations he developed, manufactured, and sold over the years. Morgan invented a zig-zag stitching attachment for ​the  manually operated sewing machine. He also founded a company that made personal grooming products  such as hair dying ointments and the curved-tooth pressing comb. As word of Morgans life-saving inventions spread across North America and England, demand for these products grew. He was frequently invited to conventions and public exhibitions to demonstrate how his inventions worked. Death Along with many others, Morgan lost most of his wealth with the stock market crash, but it didnt stop his inventive nature. He developed glaucoma, but at the time of his death he was still working on a new invention: a  self-extinguishing  cigarette. Morgan died on August 27, 1963, at the age of 86. His life was long and full, and his creative energies were recognized both during and after his lifetime. Legacy Morgans inventions have had a tremendous impact on the safety and well-being of people all over the world- from miners to soldiers to first responders to ordinary car owners and pedestrians. Another ongoing legacy is his weekly newspaper, originally named the  Cleveland Call and now called the  Cleveland Call and Post. His achievements as a son of slaves, against all odds and in the face of Jim Crow era discrimination, are inspiring. Case Western University awarded him an honorary degree, and his papers are stored there.   Sources Asante, Molefi Kete (2002),  100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.  ISBN  1 of Garrett Morgan. The Business History Review 86.2 (2012): 211–34. Print.Evans, Harold, Gail Buckland, and David Lefer. Garrett Augustus Morgan (1877–1963): He came to the rescue with his gas mask. They Made America: From the Steam Engine to the Search Engine: Two Centuries of Innovators. New York City: Little Brown, 2004.  Garner, Carla. â€Å"Garrett A., Sr. Morgan (1877-1963) BlackPast.†Ã‚  BlackPast, 29 Jan. 2019.King, William M. Guardian of the Public Safety: Garrett A. Morgan and the Lake Erie Crib Disaster. The Journal of Negro History 70.1/2 (1985): 1–13. Print.PBS, Garrett Augustus Morgan. Public Broadcasting Service.Smart, Jeffrey K. History of the Army Protective Mask. Natick, Massachusetts: NBC Defense Systems: Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, 1999. Print.

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees

The Earth Has 3 Trillion Trees The calculations are in and a recent study has revealed some rather shocking results regarding the number of trees on the planet. According to researchers at Yale University, there are 3 trillion trees on Earth at any given moment. Thats 3,000,000,000,000. Whew! Its 7.5 times more trees than previously thought! And that adds up to roughly 422 trees for every person on the planet. Pretty good, right? Unfortunately, researchers also estimate that it is only half the number of trees that were on the planet before humans came along. So just how did they come up with those numbers? A team of international researchers from 15 countries used  satellite imagery, tree surveys, and supercomputer technologies to map tree populations around the world - down the square kilometer. The results are the most comprehensive count of the worlds trees that has ever been undertaken. You can check out all of the data over at the journal Nature. The study was inspired by the global youth organization Plant for the Planet- a group that aims to plant trees around the world to reduce the effects of climate change. They asked researchers at Yale for the estimated global population of trees. At the time, researchers thought there were about 400 billion trees on the planet- thats 61 trees per person.   But researchers knew that this was just a ballpark guess as it used satellite imagery and forest area estimates but it did not incorporate any hard data from the ground.  Thomas Crowther, a postdoctoral fellow at the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and lead author of the study, put together a team that studied tree populations using not only satellites but also  tree-density information through national forest inventories and tree counts that had been verified at the ground level. Through their inventories, researchers were also able to confirm that the largest forest areas in the world are in the tropics. Roughly 43 percent of the worlds trees can be found in this area. The locations with the highest densities of trees were  the sub-arctic regions of Russia, Scandinavia and North America. Researchers hope that this inventory- and the new data regarding the number of trees in the world- will result in improved information about the role and importance of the worlds trees- particularly when it comes to biodiversity and carbon storage. But they also think that it serves as a warning about the effects that human populations have already had on the worlds trees.  Deforestation, habitat loss, and poor forest-management practices result in the loss of over 15 billion trees each year, according to the study. This affects not only the number of trees on the planet, but also the diversity. The study noted that tree density and diversity drops drastically as the number of humans on the planet increases. Natural factors such as drought, flooding, and insect infestations also play a role in the loss of forest density and diversity. Weve nearly halved the number of trees on the planet, and weve seen the impacts on climate and human health as a result, Crowther said in a statement released by Yale. This study highlights how much more effort is needed if we are to restore healthy forests worldwide. Source Ehrenberg, Rachel. Global count reaches 3 trillion trees. Nature, September 2, 2015.

Federalists and Republicans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Federalists and Republicans - Essay Example The Constitution of 1787, drafted to replace the original Articles of Confederation, was instrumental in the formation of the Federalist government. Taxes had long been seen as intrusive and oppressive . In the Constitution, Article 8 states, "The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence (sic) and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States" ("Transcript of Constitution of the United States (1787)"). Thomas Paine had written in his landmark book The Rights of Man that, "To say that any people are not fit for freedom, is to make poverty their choice, and to say they had rather be loaded with taxes than not". (qtd in Smith). Paine was noting that taxation was a redistribution of power from the common man to the national government. This Federalist position would assure the strength of the central government over the powe r of the individual states. To further control the states and the people, The Alien and Sedition Act of 1798 impeded the ability to congregate or organize any movement against the power of the Federalist government.

Dinosaurs (In Science) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dinosaurs (In Science) - Research Paper Example As in moderns day nature â€Å"nature abhors a vacuum† (Aristotle, quoted by Link, 2011 ) and so dinosaurs developed to fit into every niche, large, small, carnivorous, herbivorous etc. It is possible to tell what each creature ate if their teeth are examined. Just as the teeth of dogs and cows are very different, to suit their individual diets, so the teeth of meat eating dinosaurs are very different from those of the vegetarians. They also carried an impressive array of body part including such extras as scales, horns, collars and crests, what Viegas (2012) describes as ‘Feathered, clawed and jaws,’. So far, the remains of over 1,000 different dinosaur species have been identified from fossils though technically, birds are feathered dinosaurs, meaning dinosaurs aren't really extinct at all. The fact that some dinosaurs have been found which are feathered adds emphasis to evolutionary ideas and the hypothesis that birds are direct descendants of some dinosaurs, a n idea first put forward as long ago as 1870 ( Stone 2010) brings to mind other scientific questions such as who are the predecessors of mankind. Some, although not all dinosaurs, are known as being ‘bird hipped’ because of their particular anatomical features. They were . small, agile, and walked on two legs, unlike some much larger relatives. One such example is the Lesothosaurus Diagnosticus, a medium sized herbivore, first discovered in Southern Africa, within the kingdom of Lesotho, in 1978 ( National Geographic, 2012). It is so birdlike that it looks somewhat like a plucked bird. The dinosaurs were a highly diverse and successful group. They are often said to have lasted for far more than 100 million years, being the dominant from of life on land for some 160 million years, but if one includes birds then they are still around ( BBC, Science and Nature: Prehistoric Life, undated). Yet most of them did disappear, which has lessons perhaps for man , who acts as if th e world belongs to him by right. Dinosaur remains are often found in association with rocks which can be dated to a particular time. These rocks are usually sedimentary rocks, formed during a great ancient flood , massive floods are often being mentioned in ancient legends in many civilizations, despite the fact that the oldest humanoids found have been dated to only 4.4 million years ago (Schmid, 2009). Perhaps people were describing another cataclysmic flood. If so that will surely also be found in the geological record. According to Gilroy, most dinosaurs became extinct 65.5 million years ago, but it seems that there were survivors , and some dinosaur remains have quite recently been dated at some 700,000 years later (2011). So the picture isn’t at all clear. There was not for instance just one massive extinction period , but two. Viegas, ( 2012) describes the Permian extinction, when 90 per cent of all life on earth was destroyed, the most devastating extinction of all ti me, from insects to plants. Marine creatures as well as those on land were affected as well as amphibians and reptiles. Dinosaurs often had air sacs which enabled them to survive in poor air quality

Erikson's theory on child development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Erikson's theory on child development - Essay Example mas in the ego’s relations with the family and larger social institutions at significant points in childhood, adolescence, and early, middle and late adulthood (Sadock et al, 2007). The different aspects of child development identified by Erikson (1963) are: biological, social and individual. Erikson’s most important contribution to psychology is his demarcation of the eight psychosocial stages represented by the eight ages constituting the life span of an individual. An individual’s identity is related to each stage of the lifecycle. During adolescence a conflict between identity and role confusion can arise. Ego development occurs through the stages of the life span, and is part of a child’s evolution into adolescence. As a student of Freud, Erikson took a unique perspective on Freud’s work, incorporated Freud’s primary assumptions, and broadened the network of factors considered responsible for influencing development. He extended Freudian psychoanalytic theory to focus on the ego as the fundamental component in an individual’s functioning. Erikson’s (1963) psychosocial theory of personality development is similar to Freud’s psychosexual theory of development with its emphasis on instinctual energy as a determining life force (Sadock et al, 2007). Freud’s viewpoint was that the most important determinants of development occurred during early childhood, but on the other hand Erikson believed that the most important development came later, and that development continued through the lifespan: from childhood till the last stage of life. Other differences between Freud and Erikson’s theories is that: Erikson does not stress on unconscious motives or desires, and he based his ideas on analyses of the functioning of healthy people, whereas Freud studied individuals being treated for mental health problems. Erikson considered key social interactions at each stage of development to be very important. Though he agreed that biological unfolding was